10 FAKTA SEPUTAR MIMISAN

Waspadai jika mimisan disertai gejala lain seperti demam dan sakit kepala.

Simaklah penjelasan dr. Najib Advani, Sp.A (K) M.Med.Paed., dalam bentuk tanya jawab berikut.

1. Apakah mimisan berbahaya?

Sebagian besar mimisan pada anak tidak berbahaya.
Jadi, tak perlu panik. Selama anak terlihat sehat dan aktif, juga tidak disertai gejala lain seperti demam, orangtua tak perlu kelewat khawatir.

2. Mengapa dari hidung sering keluar darah atau mimisan?

Maklum saja, hidung punya banyak pembuluh darah, terutama di balik lapisan tipis cupingnya.

3. Mengapa mimisan paling sering terjadi pada anak?

Selaput lendir dan pembuluh darah anak masih tipis dan sensitif, sehingga saat ada faktor pencetus seperti udara dingin atau trauma ringan, darah pun langsung mengucur keluar. Terjadinya pun umumnya spontan, ringan, dan mudah berhenti.

4. Apa saja faktor pencetus mimisan pada anak?

- Trauma
Seperti akibat benturan benda keras, kemasukan benda asing, atau dikorek-korek yang membuat selaput lendir dan pembuluh darah di hidung terluka dan menyebabkan perdarahan.

- Penggunaan AC tidak bijak
Cara kerja AC yang menyerap uap air di udara membuat kelembapan di ruangan jauh berkurang. Ditambah, suhu yang terlalu dingin membuat udara jadi makin kering.
Udara kering yang diisap anak akan membuat alat pernapasannya mengering, sehingga selaput lendirnya mudah pecah dan berdarah.

- Reaksi refluks
Khusus untuk bayi, mimisan bisa terjadi karena reaksi refluks. Ini terjadi saat bayi muntah atau gumoh.
Aliran balik makanan dari lambung ke mulut atau hidung dapat menyebabkan mimisan. Muntahan yang banyak mengandung zat asam itu bisa mengiritasi atau melukai hidung. Mimisan pada bayi umumnya juga sembuh sendiri dan tidak perlu penanganan khusus.

- Faktor keturunan
Anak-anak tertentu lahir dengan pembuluh darah di hidung yang gampang pecah dan berdarah. Jika kelembapan udara sangat rendah seperti di negeri subtropis dan suhunya sangat dingin, maka anak-anak seperti ini umumnya tidak sehingga hidungnya terus-menerus mengeluarkan darah. Padahal, banyak anak lain yang tidak merasakan gangguan serupa.
Pernah ada kasus seorang anak Indonesia batal melanjutkan sekolahnya selama musim dingin ke negeri empat musim "hanya" karena berbakat mimisan.

5. Bagaimana mengatasinya?

Pertolongan pertama yang bisa dilakukan adalah menghentikan perdarahan tanpa bantuan obat dan alat.

Cukup dengan duduk dengan posisi badan dan kepala agak maju ke depan. Lalu gunakan ibu jari dan telunjuk untuk menekan dan menutup hidung. Sedangkan mulut dibuka untuk bernapas. Lakukan selama 1-2 menit. Tak berapa lama kemudian biasanya darah langsung berhenti.

Dengan memajukan kepala berarti darah tidak akan mengalir kembali ke tenggorokan. Gunanya mencegah iritasi dan batuk, tersedak, atau muntah darah. Posisi duduk juga membuat aliran darah lebih lambat, karena posisi jantung sebagai pusat pompa darah berada di bawah hidung. Berbeda jika anak dibaringkan, karena posisi jantung berada sejajar dengan hidung, sehingga darah yang mengalir pun relatif lebih cepat.

Jika cara pertama belum berhasil, cobalah kompres hidung dengan es. Bungkuslah es dengan saputangan lalu tempelkan di antara kening dan hidung. Selain es, benda lain seperti makanan atau minuman beku bisa digunakan. Es dan benda dingin lainnya yang ditempelkan mampu mengecilkan pembuluh darah sehingga perdarahan pun cepat berhenti. Kompres bisa dilakukan saat perdarahan sedang berlangsung maupun berhenti.

Hal yang penting dilakukan, bersikaplah tenang saat si kecil mimisan. Kepanikan orangtua dapat membuat anak ikut panik dan menangis. Akhirnya, perdarahan sulit dihentikan.

6. Bagaimana kalau darah belum berhenti keluar?

Jika dalam waktu 15-20 menit perdarahan tidak kunjung berhenti, ulangi gerakan menutup dan menekan hidung seperti dijelaskan tadi. Segera datangi klinik dokter atau rumah sakit terdekat jika mimisan tidak berhenti.

Dokter akan membantu dengan memberikan obat tetes atau obat semprot yang mampu menghambat pecahnya pembuluh darah. Bahkan, boleh jadi bagian hidung yang berdarah dibakar (dikostik) agar darah tidak terus-menerus keluar, kemudian hidung dibersihkan. Kalau tidak berhasil, dokter akan memberi tampon atau kapas dengan salep vaselin selama 1-2 hari. Fungsinya menekan dan mengistirahatkan perdarahan.

7. Setelah darah berhenti keluar, apa yang harus dilakukan?

Usahakan anak tidak mengembuskan napas lewat hidung terlalu keras. Anak juga harus dijelaskan agar tidak mengorek-ngorek hidung atau bekas luka yang mengering.
Tindakan itu akan menyebabkan hidung mengalami perdarahan kembali.

8. Akankah kejadian mimisan reda selamanya?

Jika sudah diatasi maka gangguan mimisan pun akan berhenti. Mimisan karena demam berdarah, misalnya, tentu akan hilang setelah demam berdarahnya sembuh.
Demikian juga dengan mimisan karena penyakit infeksi, setelah diobati, mimisan pun segera pergi.

Gangguan mimisan umumnya berkurang sesuai dengan pertambahan usia. Semakin tambah usia, pembuluh darah dan selaput lendir di hidungnya sudah semakin kuat, hingga tak mudah berdarah.

9. Mimisan seperti apa yang perlu ditangani serius?

Meski mayoritas kasus mimisan tidak berbahaya, orangtua hendaknya waspada jika frekuensi mimisan itu cukup sering, tiap 1-2 hari. Ini karena ada kemungkinan si kecil mengidap penyakit berbahaya.

Penyakit seperti ITP (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura), demam berdarah, leukemia, thalasemia berat, atau hemofilia, bisa juga menunjukkan gejala mimisan.

Ini karena kadar trombosit yang rendah bisa menyebabkan perdarahan di hidung. Anak hemofilia bisa saja memiliki kadar trombosit yang normal, tapi faktor pembekuan darahnya rendah sehingga sering mengalami perdarahan. Meski kasusnya sangat jarang, anak darah tinggi dan gagal ginjal pun memiliki risiko besar mengalami mimisan. Demikian juga anak dengan riwayat hipertensi (tekanan darah tinggi).

Perhatikan gejala-gejala yang mungkin menyertai. Jika disertai demam, kemungkinan penyebabnya penyakit infeksi seperti demam berdarah. Jika disertai munculnya bercak-bercak darah kemungkinan menjurus pada leukemia atau ITP. Sedangkan pada sinusitis umumnya mimisan disertai sakit kepala.

Berbeda dari mimisan normal yang umumnya bersumber pada bagian anterior (bagian depan rongga hidung), maka mimisan yang disertai penyakit berbahaya bersumber dari bagian dalam hidung (posterior). Tak heran, darah yang keluar banyak dan sulit dihentikan.

Perdarahan yang banyak bisa membuat anak kekurangan darah (anemia). Bahkan, bukan tidak mungkin menyebabkannya pingsan. Untuk mengatasinya, dokter akan memberikan vitamin dan mineral. Lain hal jika anak kehilangan darah cukup banyak. Sangat mungkin dia harus menjalani transfusi darah.

10. Apakah pemakaian obat-obat tertentu dapat menyebabkan mimisan?

Ya, penggunaan obat-obat tertentu pun bisa menyebabkan mimisan. Obat antipanas yang mengandung acetyl salicylic acid, misalnya, pada beberapa anak bisa menyebabkan mimisan. Segera konsultasikan pada dokter jika obat tertentu memberikan reaksi kurang baik seperti mimisan pada anak.

TIP CEGAH MIMISAN

• Gunakan AC dengan bijak dan aman. Jangan menyetel AC terlalu dingin dan lama. Selain boros energi, udara di ruangan akan menjadi sangat dingin dan kering. Untuk Indonesia, suhu 23-260C relatif cukup.


• Hindari anak dari paparan asap rokok. Selain dapat mengiritasi saluran pernapasan, rokok juga bisa mengeringkan saluran hidung. Ini jelas akan membuat anak mudah mengalami mimisan.


• Saat gatal, pilek, atau membersihkan kotoran hidung, ajari anak untuk menggunakan tisu maupun saputangan. Hindari kebiasaan mengorek-ngorek hidung atau mengembuskan udara lewat hidung terlalu keras.


• Usahakan banyak makan sayur dan buah guna memperkuat selaput lendir hidung.


• Jauhkan anak dari benda-benda pencetus alergi di rumah. Barang-barang berbahaya juga sebaiknya disingkirkan agar tidak sampai mencederai anak.
  

Arsip: http://www.freelists.org/archives/ak93-feua

Asthma (Part 3 of 3)

What are the treatments for asthma?

For most people with asthma, most of the symptoms can be prevented with treatment. So, you are able to get on with normal life, school, work, sport, etc.

Inhalers
Most people with asthma are treated with inhalers. Inhalers deliver a small dose of drug directly to the airways. The dose is enough to treat the airways. However, the amount of drug that gets into the rest of your body is small so side-effects are unlikely, or minor. There are various inhaler devices made by different companies. Different ones suit different people. A doctor or nurse will advise on the different types. See a separate leaflet called ‘Asthma - Inhalers‘.

Inhalers can be grouped into ‘relievers’, ‘preventers’ and ‘long acting bronchodilators’.

• A reliever inhaler is taken ‘as required’ to ease symptoms. The drug in a reliever inhaler relaxes the muscle in the airways. This makes the airways open wider, and symptoms usually quickly ease. These drugs are also called ‘bronchodilators’ as they dilate (widen) the bronchi (airways). There are several different reliever drugs. For example, salbutamol and terbutaline. These come in various brands made by different companies. If you only have symptoms every ‘now and then’, then the occasional use of a reliever inhaler may be all that you need. However, if you need a reliever inhaler three times a week or more to ease symptoms, a preventer inhaler is usually advised.
  
• A preventer inhaler is taken every day to prevent symptoms from developing. The drug commonly used in preventer inhalers is a steroid. There are various brands. Steroids work by reducing the inflammation in the airways. When the inflammation has gone, the airways are much less likely to become narrow and cause symptoms. It takes 7-14 days for the steroid in a preventer inhaler to build up it’s effect. Therefore, it will not give any immediate relief of symptoms. However, after a week or so of treatment, the symptoms have often gone, or are much reduced. It can take up to six weeks for maximum benefit. You should then not need to use a reliever inhaler very often, (if at all).
  
• A long acting bronchodilator may be advised in addition to a steroid inhaler. One may be needed if symptoms are not fully controlled by the steroid inhaler alone. The drugs in these inhalers work in a similar way to ‘relievers’, but work for up to 12 hours after taking each dose. They include salmeterol and formoterol. (Some brands of inhaler contain a steroid plus a long acting bronchodilator for convenience.)

Tablets to open up the airways
Most people do not need tablets as inhalers usually work well. However, in some cases a tablet (or in liquid form for children) is prescribed in addition to inhalers if symptoms are not fully eased by inhalers alone. Some young children use liquid medication instead of inhalers.

Steroid tablets
A short course of steroid tablets (such as prednisolone) is sometimes needed to ease a severe or prolonged attack of asthma. Steroid tablets are good at reducing the inflammation in the airways. For example, a severe attack may occur if you have a cold or chest infection.

Some people worry about taking steroid tablets. However, a short course of steroid tablets (for a week or so) usually works very well, and is unlikely to cause side-effects. Most of the side-effects caused by steroid tablets occur if you take them for a long time (more than several months), or if you take frequent short courses of high doses.

What are the dosages of treatment?

Everyone is different. The correct dose of a preventer inhaler is the lowest dose that prevents symptoms. A doctor may prescribe a high dose of a preventer inhaler at first, to quickly “get on top of symptoms”. When symptoms have gone, the dose may then be reduced by a little every few weeks. The aim is to find the lowest regular dose that keeps symptoms away.

Some people with asthma put up with symptoms. They may think that it is normal to still have some symptoms even when they are on treatment. A common example is a night time cough which can cause disturbed sleep. But if this occurs and your symptoms are not fully controlled - tell your doctor or nurse. Symptoms can often be prevented. For example, by adjusting the dose of your preventer inhaler, or by adding in a long acting bronchodilator.

A ‘typical’ treatment plan

A common treatment plan for a ‘typical’ person with moderate asthma is:

• A preventer inhaler (usually a steroid inhaler), taken each morning and at bedtime. This usually prevents symptoms throughout the day and night.
• A reliever inhaler may be needed now and then if breakthrough symptoms occur. For example, if symptoms flare up when you have a cough or cold.
• If exercise or sport causes symptoms, then a dose of a reliever inhaler just before the exercise usually prevents symptoms.
• The dose of the preventer inhaler may need to be increased for a while if you have a cough or cold, or during the hay fever season.
• Some people may need to add in a long acting bronchodilator, or tablets, if symptoms are not controlled with the above.

At first, adjusting doses of inhalers is usually done on the advice of a doctor or nurse. In time, you may agree an ‘asthma action plan’ with your doctor or nurse. This means that you make adjustments to the dose of your inhalers, depending on your symptoms and/or peak flow readings.

Does asthma go away?

There is no once-and-for-all cure. However, about half of the children who develop asthma ‘grow out of it’ by the time they are adults. For many adults, asthma is variable with some good spells and some spells that are not so good. Some people are worse in the winter months, and some worse in the hay fever season. Although not curable, asthma is treatable. Stepping up the treatment for a while during bad spells will often control symptoms.

Some other general points about asthma

• It is vital that you learn how to use your inhalers correctly. In some people, symptoms persist simply because they do not use their inhaler properly, and the drug from the inhaler does not get into the airways properly. See your practice nurse or doctor if you are not sure if you are using your inhaler properly.
• See a doctor or nurse if symptoms are not fully controlled, or if they are getting worse. For example, if:
  • a night time cough or wheeze is troublesome.
  • sport is being affected by symptoms.
  • your peak flow readings are lower than normal.
  • you need a reliever inhaler more often than usual.

  An adjustment in inhaler timings or doses may control these symptoms.

• See a doctor urgently if you develop severe symptoms that are not eased by a reliever inhaler. In particular, if you have difficulty talking due to shortness of breath. You may need emergency treatment with high dose reliever drugs and other treatments, sometimes in hospital. A severe asthma attack can be life-threatening.
• You should have an influenza immunisation every autumn (the annual ‘flu jab’) if you require regular treatment for asthma or if you have had a previous severe episode of asthma. Flu tends to be more serious if you have asthma.

Source www.patient.co.uk

Asthma (Part 2 of 3)

How is asthma diagnosed?

Sometimes symptoms are typical, and the diagnosis is easily made by a doctor. If there is doubt then some simple tests may be arranged. A peak flow meter is commonly used to help confirm that symptoms are due to asthma (see below). Sometimes a test called spirometry may be done to confirm the diagnosis. This involves breathing into a machine that measures the rate and volume of airflow in and out of your lungs.

What is the the peak flow meter?

This is a small device that you blow into. A doctor or nurse will show you how. It measures the speed of air that you can blow out of your lungs. No matter how strong you are, if your airways are narrowed, your peak flow reading will be lower than expected for your age, size, and sex. If you have untreated asthma, then you will normally have low and variable peak flow readings. Also, peak flow readings in the morning are usually lower than the evening if you have asthma.

You may be asked to keep a diary over two weeks or so of peak flow readings. Asthma is usually confirmed if you have low and variable peak flow readings over several days. Peak flow readings improve when the narrowed airways are opened up with treatment. Regular peak flow readings can be used to help assess how well treatment is working.

What are the treatments for asthma?

For most people with asthma, most of the symptoms can be prevented with treatment. So, you are able to get on with normal life, school, work, sport, etc.

Inhalers
Most people with asthma are treated with inhalers. Inhalers deliver a small dose of drug directly to the airways. The dose is enough to treat the airways. However, the amount of drug that gets into the rest of your body is small so side-effects are unlikely, or minor. There are various inhaler devices made by different companies. Different ones suit different people. A doctor or nurse will advise on the different types. See a separate leaflet called ‘Asthma - Inhalers‘.

Inhalers can be grouped into ‘relievers’, ‘preventers’ and ‘long acting bronchodilators’.

• A reliever inhaler is taken ‘as required’ to ease symptoms. The drug in a reliever inhaler relaxes the muscle in the airways. This makes the airways open wider, and symptoms usually quickly ease. These drugs are also called ‘bronchodilators’ as they dilate (widen) the bronchi (airways). There are several different reliever drugs. For example, salbutamol and terbutaline. These come in various brands made by different companies. If you only have symptoms every ‘now and then’, then the occasional use of a reliever inhaler may be all that you need. However, if you need a reliever inhaler three times a week or more to ease symptoms, a preventer inhaler is usually advised.
  
• A preventer inhaler is taken every day to prevent symptoms from developing. The drug commonly used in preventer inhalers is a steroid. There are various brands. Steroids work by reducing the inflammation in the airways. When the inflammation has gone, the airways are much less likely to become narrow and cause symptoms. It takes 7-14 days for the steroid in a preventer inhaler to build up it’s effect. Therefore, it will not give any immediate relief of symptoms. However, after a week or so of treatment, the symptoms have often gone, or are much reduced. It can take up to six weeks for maximum benefit. You should then not need to use a reliever inhaler very often, (if at all).
  
• A long acting bronchodilator may be advised in addition to a steroid inhaler. One may be needed if symptoms are not fully controlled by the steroid inhaler alone. The drugs in these inhalers work in a similar way to ‘relievers’, but work for up to 12 hours after taking each dose. They include salmeterol and formoterol. (Some brands of inhaler contain a steroid plus a long acting bronchodilator for convenience.)

Tablets to open up the airways
Most people do not need tablets as inhalers usually work well. However, in some cases a tablet (or in liquid form for children) is prescribed in addition to inhalers if symptoms are not fully eased by inhalers alone. Some young children use liquid medication instead of inhalers.

Steroid tablets
A short course of steroid tablets (such as prednisolone) is sometimes needed to ease a severe or prolonged attack of asthma. Steroid tablets are good at reducing the inflammation in the airways. For example, a severe attack may occur if you have a cold or chest infection.

Some people worry about taking steroid tablets. However, a short course of steroid tablets (for a week or so) usually works very well, and is unlikely to cause side-effects. Most of the side-effects caused by steroid tablets occur if you take them for a long time (more than several months), or if you take frequent short courses of high doses.

Asthma (Part 1 of 3)

Asthma is a common condition that affects the airways. The typical symptoms are wheeze, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Asthma cannot be ‘cured’, but treatment usually works well to ease and prevent symptoms. Treatment is usually with inhalers.

This leaflet gives a general overview of asthma. There are other leaflets in this series called ‘Inhalers for Asthma‘, ‘Peak Flow Meters‘ and ‘Asthma - a Picture Summary‘.

What is asthma and who does it affect?

Asthma is a condition that affects the airways (bronchi) of the lungs. From time to time the airways constrict (become narrow) in people who have asthma. This causes the typical symptoms. The extent of the narrowing, and how long each episode lasts, can vary greatly.

Asthma can start at any age, but it most commonly starts in childhood. At least 1 in 10 children, and 1 in 20 adults, have asthma. Asthma runs in some families, but many people with asthma have no other family members affected.

What are the symptoms of untreated asthma?

The common symptoms are cough and wheeze. You may also become breathless, and develop a feeling of chest tightness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe between different people, and at different times in the same person. Each episode of symptoms may last just an hour or so, or persist for days or weeks unless treated.

What are the typical symptoms if you have mild (untreated) asthma?
You tend to develop mild symptoms from time to time. For example, you may develop a mild wheeze and a cough if you have: a cold, a chest infection, in the hay fever season, or when you exercise. For most of the time you have no symptoms. A child with mild asthma may have an irritating cough each night, but is often fine during the day.

What are the typical symptoms if you have moderate (untreated) asthma?
Without treatment: you typically have episodes of wheezing and coughing from time to time. Sometimes you become breathless. You may have spells, sometimes long spells, without symptoms. However, you tend to be wheezy for some of the time on most days. Symptoms are typically worse at night, or first thing in the morning. You may wake up some nights coughing or with a tight chest. Young children may not have typical symptoms. It may be difficult to tell the difference between asthma and recurring viral chest infections in young children.

What are the typical symptoms of a severe attack of asthma?
You become very wheezy, have a ‘tight’ chest, and have difficulty in breathing. You may find it difficult to talk because you are so breathless. Severe symptoms may develop from time to time if you normally have moderate symptoms. Occasionally, severe symptoms develop ‘out of the blue’ in some people who normally have just mild symptoms.

What causes asthma?

Asthma is caused by inflammation in the airways. It is not known why the inflammation occurs. The inflammation irritates the muscles around the airways, and causes them to squeeze (constrict). This causes narrowing of the airways. It is then more difficult for air to get in and out of the lungs. This leads to wheezing and breathlessness. The inflammation also causes the lining of the airways to make extra mucus which causes cough and further obstruction to airflow.

The following diagram aims to illustrate how an episode of asthma develops.

What can make asthma symptoms worse?

Asthma symptoms may flare up from time to time. There is often no apparent reason why symptoms flare up. However, some people find that symptoms are triggered, or made worse, in certain situations. It may be possible to avoid certain triggers which may help to reduce symptoms. Things that may trigger asthma symptoms include the following.

• Infections. Particularly colds, coughs, and chest infections.
• Pollens and moulds. The hay fever season is a common time for asthma to get worse.
• Exercise. However, sport and exercise are good for you if you have asthma. If necessary, you can use an inhaler before exercise to prevent symptoms from developing.
• Certain drugs. For example, about 1 in 50 people with asthma are allergic to aspirin which can trigger symptoms. Other drugs that may cause asthma symptoms include: anti-inflammatory painkillers, and beta-blockers such as propranolol, atenolol, or timolol. This includes beta-blocker eye-drops used to treat glaucoma.
• Smoking and cigarette fumes. If you smoke and have asthma, you should make every effort to stop. See a practice nurse for help if you find it difficult. ‘Passive’ smoking can make asthma worse too. All children deserve to live in a smoke-free home, in particular children with asthma.
• Other fumes and chemicals. For example, fumes from paints, solvents and pollution. The increase in air pollution may be a reason why asthma is becoming more common.
• Emotion. Asthma is not due to ‘nerves’, but such things as stress, emotional upset, or laughing may trigger symptoms.
• Allergies to animals. Such as pet cats, dogs, and horses. Animals do not trigger symptoms in most cases, but some people notice that their symptoms become worse when close to certain animals.
• House dust mite. This is a tiny creature that lives in mattresses and other fabrics around the home. If you are allergic to it, it may make symptoms worse. It is impossible to get rid of house dust mite completely. To greatly reduce their number takes a lot of time and effort and involves: using special mattress covers, removing carpets, removing or treating soft toys, etc. However, if symptoms are difficult to control with treatment, and you are confirmed to be allergic to house dust mite, then it may be worth considering trying to reduce their number. See separate leaflet called ‘Allergy to House Dust Mite and Pets‘.
• Certain foods. This is uncommon, and food is not thought to be a trigger in most cases.

Some people only develop symptoms when exposed to a certain ‘trigger’. Two examples are:

• Occupational asthma. Some people only develop symptoms when exposed to specific substances at work. They have no symptoms at other times.
• Exercise-induced asthma. As mentioned above, exercise can make symptoms worse for many people with asthma. But, some people only develop symptoms when they exercise, and are fine the rest of the time.